Pelicans line

In southern Africa, eggs and chicks of the Cape cormorant are an important food source for great white pelicans. James's Park in London. Most species' populations are more or less stable, although three are classified by the IUCN as being at risk. All species breed readily in zoos, which is potentially useful for conservation management.

With restrictions on DDT use in the US from , its population has recovered, and it was delisted in Numbers declined substantially during the 20th century, one crucial factor being the eradication of the important Sittaung valley breeding colony in Burma through deforestation and the loss of feeding sites. In the absence of substantial threats or evidence of declines across its range, its conservation status is assessed as being of least concern.

Regional threats include the drainage of wetlands and increasing disturbance in southern Africa. The species is susceptible to bioaccumulation of toxins and the destruction of nesting trees by logging. The overall trend in numbers is uncertain, with a mix of regional populations that are increasing, declining, stable, or unknown, but no evidence has been found of rapid overall decline, and the status of the species is assessed as being of least concern.

Threats include the drainage of wetlands, persecution and sport hunting, disturbance at the breeding colonies, and contamination by pesticides and heavy metals. The main ongoing threats include hunting, especially in eastern Asia, disturbance, coastal development, collision with overhead power lines, and the over-exploitation of fish stocks. However, several European colonies are increasing in size and the largest colony for the species, at the Small Prespa Lake in Greece, has reached about 1, breeding pairs following conservation measures.

The species is assessed as being of least concern. This has led to suggestions that pelican numbers should be controlled at vulnerable colonies. Human presence alone can cause the birds to accidentally displace or destroy their eggs, leave hatchlings exposed to predators and adverse weather, or even abandon their colonies completely.

It entered the oceanic food web , contaminating and accumulating in several species, including one of the pelican's primary food fish — the northern anchovy. Its metabolite DDE is a reproductive toxicant in pelicans and many other birds, causing eggshell thinning and weakening, and consequent breeding failure through the eggs being accidentally crushed by brooding birds. Since an effective ban on the use of DDT was implemented in the US in , the eggshells of breeding brown pelicans there have thickened and their populations have largely recovered.

A report to the California Fish and Game Commission estimated that during the previous 20 years, some — brown pelicans had been affected by oil spills in California. Fish hooks are swallowed or catch in the skin of the pouch or webbed feet, and strong monofilament fishing line can become wound around bill, wings, or legs, resulting in crippling, starvation, and often death.

Local rescue organisations have been established in North America and Australia by volunteers to treat and rehabilitate injured pelicans and other wildlife. Avian malaria is carried by the mosquito Culex pipens, and high densities of these biting insects may force pelican colonies to be abandoned. Leeches may attach to the vent or sometimes the inside of the pouch.

The brown pelican has a similarly extensive range of parasites. The nematodes Contracaecum multipapillatum and C. The pouch louse Piagetiella peralis occurs in the pouch and so it cannot be removed by preening. While this is usually not a serious problem even when present in such numbers that it covers the whole interior of the pouch, sometimes inflammation and bleeding may occur from it and harm the host. It was depicted in art on the walls of tombs, and figured in funerary texts, as a protective symbol against snakes.

Henet was also referred to in the Pyramid Texts as the "mother of the king" and thus seen as a goddess. References in nonroyal funerary papyri show that the pelican was believed to possess the ability to prophesy safe passage in the underworld for someone who had died. The pelican, formerly a black bird, made a canoe during a flood to save drowning people. He fell in love with a woman he thus saved, but her friends and she tricked him and escaped.

The pelican consequently prepared to go to war against them by daubing himself with white clay as war paint. However, before he had finished, another pelican, on seeing such a strange piebald creature, killed him with its beak, and all such pelicans have been black and white ever since.

The word alcatraz is itself derived from the Arabic al-caduos, a term used for a water-carrying vessel and likened to the pouch of the pelican. The English name albatross is also derived by corruption of the Spanish word. Feeding pelicans is prohibited by law F. Discard fish carcasses in marked repositories or lidded trash cans.

Birds will feed on carcasses tossed in the water, which can lead to injury or death. Birds attracted by fish carcasses may congregate in areas where they are more likely to become entangled in fishing line. Cast away from birds and shoreline vegetation. Collect and store loose monofilament line until it can be discarded properly.

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