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In J. O'Grady writes: 'When it comes to your turn, return the "shout". Otherwise the word will spread that you are a "bludger", and there is no worse thing to be'. The term dole bludger i. An early example from the Bulletin encapsulates the derogatory tone: 'A genuine dole bludger, a particularly literate young man From the following year we have a citation indicating a reaction to the use of the term: Cattleman Rockhampton 'Young people are being forced from their country homes because of a lack of work opportunities and the only response from these so-called political protectors is to label them as dole bludgers'.

Throughout the history of the word, most bludgers appear to have been male. The term bludgeress made a brief appearance in the first decade of this century - 'Latterly, bludgers, so the police say, are marrying bludgeresses' Truth 27 September - but it was shortlived. The most common is the swag i. The earliest evidence for bluey as a swag is from where the bluey is humped as it was by the itinerant bush worker tramping the wallaby track in the works of writers such as Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson.

This image an Australian stereotype is epitomised in the following quotation for bluey: There's the everlasting swaggie with his bluey on his back who is striking out for sunset on the Never-never track. Goodge, Hits! Cross, George and Widda-Woman That bluey is later transferred to luggage in general, is perhaps not surprising in an urban society which romanticises its 'bush' tradition: Where's yer bluey?

No luggage? Duffy, Outside Pub In Tasmania, a bluey or Tasmanian bluey is: a rough overcoat of blue-grey woollen, to be worn by those doing outdoor work during inclement weather. Canberra Times 19 Nov. The word has been used to denote another item of clothing - denim working trousers or overalls - but the citation evidence indicates the last citation being that this usage is no longer current. More familiar is the use of bluey to describe a summons, especially for a traffic offence originally printed on blue paper : Imagine my shock upon returning to a bluey at the end of the day.

Choice 2 April Perhaps the most Australian use of bluey is the curious use of it to describe a red-headed person first recorded in : A. Paterson, Shearer's Colt: 'Bluey', as the crowd called him, had found another winner. All red-haired men are called 'Bluey' in Australia for some reason or other. Conquest, Dusty Distances: I found out later that he was a native of New South Wales, called ' Bluey because of his red hair - typical Australian logic.

A more literal use of bluey in Australian English is its application to fauna whose names begin with blue and which is predominantly blue in colour: Bulletin 31 May: We call them blue martins Ornithologists refer to them as some species of wood swallow They're all 'blueys' to us. The obsolete bodger probably derives from British dialect bodge 'to work clumsily'.

In Australian English in the s and s bodger meant: 'Something or occasionally someone which is fake, false, or worthless'. The noun was also used adjectivally. Typical uses: F. Hardy, Power without Glory: This entailed the addition of as many more 'bodger' votes as possible. Baker, The Australian Language: An earlier underworld and Army use of bodger for something faked, worthless or shoddy.

For example, a faked receipt or false name.. White, Silent Reach: This heap is hot - else why did they give it a one-coat spray job over the original white duco and fix it with bodgie number plates? In the s another sense of bodgie arose. The word was used to describe a male youth, distinguished by his conformity to certain fashions of dress and larrikin behaviour; analogous to the British 'teddy boy': Sunday Telegraph Sydney 7 May: The bizarre uniform of the 'bodgey' - belted velvet cord jacket, bright blue sports coat without a tie, brown trousers narrowed at the ankle, shaggy Cornel Wilde haircut.

This sense of bodgie seems to be an abbreviation of the word bodger with the addition of the -ie -y suffix. One explanation for the development of the teenage larrikin sense was offered in the Age Melbourne in Mr Hewett says his research indicates that the term 'bodgie' arose around the Darlinghurst area in Sydney.

It was just after the end of World War II and rationing had caused a flourishing black market in American-made cloth. The early evidence is largely confined to teenage slang. Some lexicographers have suspected that the term may derive from the Bogan River and district in western New South Wales, but this is far from certain, and it seems more likely to be an unrelated coinage.

The term became widespread after it was used in the late s by the fictitious schoolgirl 'Kylie Mole' in the television series The Comedy Company. In the Daily Telegraph 29 November , in an article headed 'Same name a real bogan', a genuine schoolgirl named Kylie Mole 'reckons it really sux' " [i.

Someone who wears their socks the wrong way or has the same number of holes in both legs of their stockings. A complete loser'. The earliest evidence we have been able to find for the term is in the surfing magazine Tracks September 'So what if I have a mohawk and wear Dr Martens boots for all you uninformed bogans? The term has also generated a number of other terms including bogan chick, boganhood, and cashed-up bogan CUB.

She had a quiet, middle-class upbringing in Box Hill, attending a private girls' school. Our geographic reach is flexible; residents of Taree and like communities, for example, may readily qualify for Boganhood, usually with little or no burdensome paperwork. Affectionate, even I'm a bogan because I'm overweight. For further discussions of bogan see our Word of the Month article from Novemeber , and a article 'Bogan: from Obscurity to Australia's most productive Word' in our newsletter Ozwords.

Bogey is a borrowing from the Aboriginal Sydney Language. Bogie d'oway. These were Colby's words on coming out of the water. Dawson, Present State of Australia: 'Top bit, massa, bogy,' bathe and he threw himself into the water. Yes, said Mr Dixon, any two of ye that can swim. In Australian English a noun meaning 'a swim or bathe; a bath' was formed from the verb: A.

Harris, Settlers and Convicts: In the cool of the evening had a 'bogie' bathe in the river. Howell, Diggings and Bush: Florence was much amused the other evening by her enquiring if she Flory was going down to the water to have a 'bogey'. Flory was much puzzled till she found out that a 'bogey', in colonial phraseology, meant a bath. Mackenzie, Aurukun Diary: A bogey is the Queensland outback word for a bath or bathe. A bogey hole is a 'swimming or bathing hole'. The verb is rare now in Australian English.

For an earlier discussion of bogey see our Word of the Month article from February The word is now commonly used for the reef or rock itself. Horrobin Guide to Favourite Australian Fish ed. Bombora probably derives from the Aboriginal Sydney Language where it may have referred specifically to the current off Dobroyd Head, Port Jackson.

The term is mostly used in New South Wales, where there are numerous bomboras along the coast, often close to cliffs. Bondi tram: shoot through like a Bondi tram Used allusively to refer to a hasty departure or speedy action. Bondi is the Sydney suburb renowned worldwide for its surf beach. Trams last ran on the line in , but the phrase has remained a part of Australian English.

Bonzer is possibly an alteration of the now obsolete Australian word bonster with the same meaning which perhaps ultimately derives from British dialect bouncer 'anything very large of its kind'. In the early records the spelling bonzer alternates with bonser, bonza, and bonzor.

The adjective, noun, and adverb are all recorded from the early years of the 20th century: noun Morning Post Cairns 5 June: The little pony outlaw is wonderfully fast at disposing of his mounts. Yuong Jack Hansen undertook to sit him but failed at every attempt. Jack states he got a 'bonza on the napper', at one time when thrown. Cable By Blow and Kiss: Came back grinning widely, with the assurance that it [sc.

Boofhead derives from buffle-headed 'having a head like a buffalo' OED and bufflehead 'a fool, blockhead, stupid fellow' OED. Bufflehead has disappeared from standard English, but survives in its Australian form boofhead. It was popularised by the use of boofhead as the name of a dimwitted comic strip character invented by R.

Clark and introduced in the Sydney Daily Mail in May For an earlier discussion of the word see our Word of the Month article from December We get their boofheads so they can have ours. The word was borrowed from an Aboriginal language in the early years of European settlement, but the exact language is still uncertain. Early evidence suggests it was borrowed from a language in, or just south of, the Sydney region. While the spelling boomerang is now standard, in the early period the word was given a variety of spellings: bomerang, bommerang, bomring, boomereng, boomering, bumerang [etc].

The Australian Aboriginal boomerang is a crescent-shaped wooden implement used as a missile or club, in hunting or warfare, and for recreational purposes. The best-known type of boomerang, used primarily for recreation, can be made to circle in flight and return to the thrower. Although boomerang-like objects were known in other parts of the world, the earliest examples and the greatest diversity of design is found in Australia.

A specimen of a preserved boomerang has been found at Wyrie Swamp in South Australia and is dated at 10, years old. Boomerangs were not known throughout the entirety of Australia, being absent from the west of South Australia, the north Kimberley region of Western Australia, north-east Arnhem Land, and Tasmania. In some regions boomerangs are decorated with designs that are either painted or cut into the wood. Very early in Australian English the term boomerang was used in transferred and figurative senses, especially with reference to something which returns to or recoils upon its author.

These senses are now part of International English, but it is interesting to look at the earliest Australian evidence for the process of transfer and figurative use: Boston Daily Advertiser 5 May: Like the strange missile which the Australian throws, Your verbal boomerang slaps you on the nose. By the s boomerang had also developed as a verb in Australian English, meaning 'to hit someone or something with a boomerang; to throw something in the manner of a boomerang'.

By the s the verbal sense developed another meaning: 'to return in the manner of a boomerang; to recoil upon the author ; to ricochet'. The earliest evidence for this sense occurs in the Brisbane Worker newspaper from 16 May Australia's a big country And Freedom's on the wallaby Oh don't you hear her Cooee, She's just begun to boomerang She'll knock the tyrants silly.

On 13 November the Canberra Times reported that 'Greg Chappell's decision to send England in appeared to have boomeranged'. These verbal senses of boomerang have also moved into International English. For a further discussion of boomerang see the article 'Boomerang, Boomerang, Thou Spirit of Australia!

The phrase is first recorded in the s. In the late s a large number of bottom of the harbour schemes were operating in corporate Australia. The term is usually used attributively. Hyland Diamond Dove: The feller in the dock was some fabulous creature - part lawyer, part farmer - who'd been caught in a bottom-of-the-harbour tax avoidance scheme. This sense of boundary rider is recorded from the s but in more recent years, as a result of changes in technology and modes of transport, this occupation has become relatively rare.

Since the s the term has been used of a boundary umpire in Australian Rules Football, a cricketer in a fielding position near the boundary, and a roving reporter at a sporting game. For a more detailed discussion of the original sense of boundary rider and the later sporting senses see our Word of the Month article from December McGinnis Tracking North: Mechanisation had finally reached the open-range country.

There were no more pumpers or boundary riders. Bradbury: do a Bradbury Be the unlikely winner of an event; to win an event coming from well behind. The phrase comes from the name of Steven Bradbury, who won a gold medal in speed skating at the Winter Olympics after his opponents fell. For a detailed discussion of this phrase see our blog 'Doing a Bradbury: an Aussie term born in the Winter Olympics' which includes a video of Bradbury's famous win , and our Word of the Month article from August The Socceroos need some of that luck.

The term is a specific use of branch meaning 'a local division of a political party'. While the practice described by branch stacking has been around for a very long time, the word itself is first recorded in the s. It is likely that this expression was first used in horseracing to refer to a horse that moved very quickly out of the starting gates. Bray Blossom: 'Come on youse blokes!

First sign of a better offer and they are off like a bride's nightie. There are many stories of new arrivals in Australia being bamboozled by the instruction to bring a plate. As the locals know, a plate alone will not do. In earlier days the request was often ladies a plate, sometimes followed by gentlemen a donation. Ladies bring a plate. Please bring a plate. All welcome. The origin for this term is still disputed. Curr in Australian Race gives booramby meaning 'wild' in the language of the Pitjara or Pidjara or Bidjara people of the region at the headwaters of the Warrego and Nogoa Rivers in south-western Queensland.

This is in the general location of the earliest evidence, but the language evidence has not been subsequently confirmed. This origin was popularised by Paterson in an introduction to his poem 'Brumby's run' printed in A common suggestion is that brumby derives from the proper name Brumby. This theory was also noted by E. Morris in Austral English in 'A different origin was, however, given by an old resident of New South Wales, to a lady of the name Brumby, viz.

Over the years, various Messrs Brumby have been postulated as the origin. More recently, Dymphna Lonergan suggested that the word comes from Irish word bromaigh, the plural form of the word for a young horse, or colt. For a more detailed discussion concerning the origin of the term brumby see the article 'Wild Horses Running Wild' in our Ozwords newsletter.

McGinnis Wildhorse Creek: The country's rotten with brumbies. One explanation for the origin of the term is that it comes from the name of the convict William Buckley, who escaped from Port Phillip in and lived for 32 years with Aboriginal people in southern Victoria.

A second explanation links the phrase to the Melbourne firm of Buckley and Nunn established in , suggesting that a pun developed on the 'Nunn' part of the firm's name with 'none' and that this gave rise to the formulation 'there are just two chances, Buckley's and none'.

This second explanation appears to have arisen after the original phrase was established. For an earlier discussion about the origin of the term buckley's chance see the article 'Buckley's' in our Ozwords newsletter. It should have been Buckley. Olympus explains that he altered it because he didn't want the Fitzroy men to have 'Buckley's chance'.

The Australian term is probably a variation of the international English grape smugglers for such a garment. Budgie smugglers is one of the numerous Australian words for this particular garment others include bathers, cossies, speedos, swimmers, and togs. Budgie is a shortening of budgerigar - from Kamilaroi an Aboriginal language of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland , and designates a small green and yellow parrot which has become a popular caged bird.

The term is a jocular allusion to the appearance of the garment. Budgie smugglers is first recorded in the late s. For a more detailed discussion of the word see our Word of the Month article from December That, and a thin pair of Speedos so figure-hugging you can see every goosebump - flimsy togs that are known not-all-that-affectionately by us Brown boys as budgie smugglers!

Roads or tracks covered with bulldust may be a hazard for livestock and vehicles, which can become bogged in it. It is probably called bulldust because it resembles the soil trampled by cattle in stockyards. The word can also be used as a polite way of saying bullshit. Both senses of the word are first recorded in the s.

This 'bull' dust might be about two feet deep, and cakes on the surface, so that it is hard to penetrate. I told him that nothing would get within a 'bull's roar' of Agricolo to interfere with him, and such was the case. The term is often found in this phrasal form where it now has several meanings: 'to be financially bankrupt, to come to nought; to fail, to collapse, to break down'. These figurative senses of bung emerged in the late 19th century.

Descriptions of it vary greatly. Some give it a frightful human head and an animal body. Many descriptions emphasise its threat to humans and its loud booming at night. It inhabits inland rivers, swamps, and billabongs. The word comes from the Aboriginal Wathaurong language of Victoria. Bunyip is first recorded in the s.

For a more detailed discussion of this word see the article 'There's a Bunyip Close behind us and he's Treading on my Tail' in our Ozwords newsletter. This is an Australian alteration of the standard English phrase give it a whirl.

Give it a burl is first recorded in the early years of the 20th century. We'll give it a burl, eh? We wanted to give it a burl and see how it went. We'd do it again. What do you think this is, bush week? These senses of bush week go back to the early 20th century. The phrase originally implied the notion that people from the country are easily fooled by the more sophisticated city slickers.

The speaker resents being mistaken for a country bumpkin. Glassop Lucky Palmer: I get smart alecks like you trying to put one over on me every minute of the day. What do you think this is? Bush Week? Murray Goodbye Lullaby: They had already been warned about the breastfeeding business Beat it, you two!

C Canberra bashing The act or process of criticising the Australian Government and its bureaucracy. Canberra, the capital of Australia, has been used allusively to refer to the Australian Government and its bureaucracy since the s. The term Canberra bashing emerged in the s, and is also applied in criticisms of the city itself.

For a more detailed discussion of the term see our Word of the Month article from February Politicians on both sides have shown a willingness to put the boot into a national capital. This term also takes the form captain's call. Captain's pick is derived from sporting contexts in which a team captain has the discretion to choose members of the team. The political sense emerged in Australian English in For a more detailed discussion of this term see our Word of the Month article from January Also spelt kark, and often taking the form cark it.

The word is probably a figurative use of an earlier Australian sense of cark meaning 'the caw of a crow', which is imitative. Beilby Gunner: 'That wog ya roughed up - well, he karked. It is modelled on the originally British term, champagne socialist, which has a similar meaning.

The term chardonnay socialist appeared in the s, not long after the grape variety Chardonnay became very popular with Australian wine drinkers. Williamson Emerald City: I'm going to keep charting their perturbations.. This term usually refers to female checkout operators hence chick, an informal word for a young woman , but with changes in the gender makeup of the supermarket workforce the term is occasionlly applied to males.

Checkout chick is first recorded in the s. For a more detailed discussion of the term see our Word of the Month article from May Chook comes from British dialect chuck y 'a chicken; a fowl' which is a variant of chick. Chook is the common term for the live bird, although chook raffles, held in Australian clubs and pubs, have ready-to-cook chooks as prizes.

The term has also been transferred to refer to other birds, and often in the form old chook it can refer to a woman. See our Word of the Month articles 'chook run' and 'chook lit' for further uses of chook. First recorded as chuckey in Was he looking after the housemaid or the little chookies? This expression recalls an earlier time when many Australians kept chooks domestic chickens in the backyard and the dunny was a separate outhouse.

Although I must say this is a very cunning, contrived piece of legislation, if that is what they set out to do. May their chooks turn into emus and kick their dunnies down. Chunder possibly comes from a once-popular cartoon character, 'Chunder Loo of Akim Foo', drawn by Norman Lindsay for a series of boot polish advertisements in the early s.

It is possible that 'Chunder Loo' became rhyming slang for spew. Chunder, however, is the only form to be recorded. The earliest evidence is associated with Australian troops in action to the north of Australia during the Second World War. Makes you chunda. Clayton's Something that is largely illusory or exists in name only; a poor substitute or imitation.

This word derives from the proprietary name of a soft drink, sold in a bottle that looked like a whisky bottle, and marketed from as 'the drink you have when you're not having a drink'. For a more detailed discussion of the word see our blog 'The evolution of a word - the case of Clayton's'. Pung Growing up Asian in Australia: My bikini top is crammed so full of rubbery 'chicken fillets' I'd probably bounce if you threw me.

These Clayton's breasts jiggle realistically when I jump up and down on the spot. In the pastoral industry an animal that has not been branded with a mark identifying the owner can easily be stolen or lost. The word is first recorded in the s. There are several transferred and figurative senses of cleanskin that evolved from the orgininal sense. In the first decade of the 20th century cleanskin began to be used to describe 'an Aboriginal person who has not passed through an initiation rite'.

Also from this period on cleanskin was used figuratively of 'a person who has no criminal record; a person new to a situation or activity and lacking experience'. From the s cleanskin was also used of 'a bottle of wine without a label that identifies the maker, sold at a price cheaper than comparable labelled bottles; the wine in such a bottle'.

Keenan The Horses too are Gone: In the rangelands an unbranded calf becomes a cleanskin and cleanskins belong to the first person capable of planting a brand on the rump. The word probably derives from the Yiddish word chaber 'comrade'. It is likely that these terms, as well as cobber, found their way into London slang especially from the Jewish population living in the East End , and from there, via British migrants, into Australian English. It is sometimes suggested that cobber derives from British dialect.

The English Dialect Dictionary lists the word cob 'to take a liking to any one; to "cotton" to', but the evidence is from only one Suffolk source, and the dictionary adds: 'Not known to our other correspondents'. This Suffolk word is sometimes proposed as the origin of cobber, but its dialect evidence is very limited. Cobber, now somewhat dated, is rarely used by young Australians. In Australia there are a number of cockies including cow cockies, cane cockies and wheat cockies.

Cocky arose in the s and is an abbreviation of cockatoo farmer. This was then a disparaging term for small-scale farmers, probably because of their habit of using a small area of land for a short time and then moving on, in the perceived manner of cockatoos feeding. The foundations of European settlement in Australia are based on the transportation of tens of thousands of prisoners from the British Isles.

The word is a specific use of convict 'a condemned criminal serving a sentence of penal servitude' OED. While in America convict is still used to refer to a prisoner, in Australia it is now largely historical. For a further discussion of this word see our blog 'A long lost convict: Australia's "C-word"? Angas Description of the Barossa Range: No convicts are transported to this place, for South Australia is not a penal colony.

The iconic call of the Australian bush comes from the Aboriginal Sydney language word gawi or guwi meaning 'come here'. Cooee is recorded from the early years of European settlement in Sydney. It is often found in the phrase within cooee meaning 'within earshot; within reach, near'.

Cunningham Two Years in New South Wales: In calling to each other at a distance, the natives make use of the word Coo-ee, as we do the word Hollo, prolonging the sound of the coo, and closing that of the ee with a shrill jerk. Lambert Watermen: If I ever see you within coo-ee of my boat again, I'll drown you. The word is a borrowing from Yuwaaliyaay and neighbouring languages , an Aboriginal language of northern New South Wales.

In the earlier period it was was spelt in various ways, including coolabah, coolobar, and coolybah. It is term for any of several eucalypts, especially the blue-leaved Eucalyptus microtheca found across central and northern Australia, a fibrous-barked tree yielding a durable timber and occurring in seasonally flooded areas.

Coolibah is first recorded in the s. Crook means bad in a general sense, and also in more specific senses too: unwell or injured a crook knee , and dishonest or illegal he was accused of crook dealings. All senses are recorded from the s. Pratt Wolaroi's Cup: Most stables.. Clune Roaming Round the Darling: My cobber, here, used to sing in opera. He's a pretty crook singer, but he'll sing for you. The phrase now often with some variations was originally the title of a a revue at the Phillip Street Theatre in Sydney Not anymore.

These terms are now obsolete. These were called currency. D dag An unfashionable person; a person lacking style or character; a socially awkward adolescent, a 'nerd'. These senses of dag derive from an earlier Australian sense of dag meaning 'a "character", someone eccentric but entertainingly so'. Ultimately all these senses of dag are probably derived from the British dialect especially in children's speech sense of dag meaning a 'feat of skill', 'a daring feat among boys', and the phrase to have a dag at meaning 'to have a shot at'.

The Australian senses of dag may have also been influenecd by the word wag a habitual joker , and other Australian senses of dag referring to sheep see rattle your dags below. Dag referring to an unfashionable person etc. Never ever wear a striped suit, a striped shirt and a striped tie together - just dreadful You look like a real dag.

When a daggy sheep runs, the dried dags knock together to make a rattling sound. The word dag originally daglock was a British dialect word that was borrowed into mainstream Australian English in the s. Thorne Battler: C'mon Mum, rattle yer dags - the old girls are hungry! Dak derives from another Australian term daks meaning 'a pair of trousers'. The term is first recorded from the early s but is probably much older than that.

For a more detailed discussion of dak see our Word of the Month article from July His family didn't know about it until he was dacked during a game this year. Because it was the most common form of bread for bush workers in the nineteenth century, to earn your damper means to be worth your pay.

Bisley Stillways: We made damper out of flour and water, squeezed it around green sticks to cook over the coals. Anzac Day, April 25, is a national public holiday in Australia commemorating all those who have served and died in war. While commemorative services have been held on April 25 since , the term dawn service is not recorded until the s.

It is a long, wooden, tubular instrument that produces a low-pitched, resonant sound with complex, rhythmic patterns but little tonal variation. In popular understanding many Australians probably believe that this is an Aboriginal word. Indeed, the edition of the Australian National Dictionary attributed it to the Yolngu language of northern Queensland.

Subsequent research has cast doubt on this etymology, and in the following statement was made in Australian Aboriginal Words in English: 'Although it has been suggested that this must be a borrowing from an Australian language it is not one. The name probably evolved from white people's ad hoc imitation of the sound of the instrument'. This argument is supported by two of the earliest pieces of evidence for the term: Richmond Guardian Melbourne : 'At Darwin the nigger crew is making merry with the Diridgery doo and the eternal ya-ya-ya ye-ye-ye cry'.

It produces but one sound - 'didjerry, didjerry, didjerry -' and so on ad infinitum. The term was applied during the First World War to Australian and New Zealand soldiers because so much of their time was spent digging trenches. First recorded in this sense It came to France when the sandgropers gave up digging on the goldfields of W. They include a major who planned an 'unprecedented operation' to capture a rogue Afghan sergeant who murdered three Australian diggers. This word is a shortening of fair dinkum which comes from British dialect.

The compound fair dinkum 'fair dealing which is just and equitable' is recorded from Lincolnshire in , and is the equivalent of West Yorkshire fair doos fair dealing. The adjective is first recorded in Australia from the s.

For a more detailed discussion of dinkum see the article 'The Story of Dinkum' on our blog. The starting point is to make the debate more dinkum. The phrase was first recorded in This may give a clue to the source of the phrase. If you are done like a dinner, you are completely and efficiently demolished. Bride Letters from Victorian Pioneers: The horse swam for a quarter of a mile down the river with the cart after him..

The word is probably related to British dialect dob meaning 'to put down an article heavily or clumsily; to throw down', and 'to throw stones etc. Dob is first recorded in the s. For a more detailed discussion of this term see the article 'The Story of Dob' on our blog. Bisley Stillways: He used to sell single cigarettes to kids, and although it was common knowledge, he had never been busted and no one ever dobbed on him. This example illustrates the way the origins of words and phrases can be lost with changes in technology.

The expression has several variants including fed up to dolly's wax, and its meaning does not always denote being 'full' with food. First recorded in the early 20th century. And I am fed up to dolly's wax with them. Voters who merely number the candidates in the order they are listed on the ballot paper without regard for the merits of the candidates are casting a donkey vote - that is, a stupid vote. First recorded in the early midth century.

In South Australia this vote - the 'donkey vote' - will go to the Anti-Communists. Dorothy Dixer Dorothy Dix A parliamentary question asked of a Minister by a member of the party in government to give the Minister the opportunity to deliver a prepared reply. It comes from Dorothy Dix, the pen-name of Elizabeth Gilmer , an American journalist who wrote a famous personal advice column which was syndicated in Australia.

Her column came to seem a little too contrived, as if she was writing the questions as well as the answers. For a discussion about the use of Dorothy Dixer in rhyming slang see the article 'Dorothies and Michelles' in our Ozwords newsletter. One of those came from Mr Hutchin, and there were cries of 'Dorothy Dix' when he asked it When a Minister is anxious to make some information available, or to answer some outside criticism, he will often get a private member to ask a question on the subject.

And it was not her husky voice or hair or makeup that stopped traffic, but the rows and rows of pearls.. The term also takes the form dreaming. Dreamtime is a translation of alcheringa - a word from the Arrernte Aboriginal language of the Alice Springs region in central Australia. Attenborough Quest Under Capricorn: Although the Dreamtime was in the past, it is also co-existent with the present, and a man, by performing the rituals, can become one with his 'dreaming' and experience eternity.

It is to seek this mystical union that the men enact the ceremonies. There is also a bird called a drongo. The spangled drongo is found in northern and eastern Australia, as well as in the islands to the north of Australia, and further north to India and China. It is called a drongo because that is the name of a bird from the same family in northern Madagascar. The spangled drongo is not a stupid bird.

It is not a galah. One book describes it thus: 'The spangled drongo catches insects in the air, chasing them in aerobatic flight'. There is one odd story about the drongo, however: unlike most migratory birds, it appears to migrate to colder regions in winter. Some have suggested that this is the origin of the association of 'stupidity' with the term drongo.

But this seems most unlikely. So what is the true story? There was an Australian racehorse called Drongo during the early s. It seems likely that he was named after the bird called the 'drongo'. He often came very close to winning major races, but in 37 starts he never won a race.

In a writer in the Melbourne Argus comments: 'Drongo is sure to be a very hard horse to beat. He is improving with every run'. But he never did win. Soon after the horse's retirement it seems that racegoers started to apply the term to horses that were having similarly unlucky careers. Soon after the term became more negative, and was applied also to people who were not so much 'unlucky' as 'hopeless cases', 'no-hopers', and thereafter 'fools'.

In the s it was applied to recruits in the Royal Australian Air Force. It has become part of general Australian slang. Buzz Kennedy, writing in The Australian newspaper in , defines a drongo thus: A drongo is a simpleton but a complicated one: he is a simpleton [of the] sort who not only falls over his feet but does so at Government House; who asks his future mother-in-law to pass-the-magic-word salt the first time the girl asks him home In an emergency he runs heroically in the wrong direction.

If he were Superman he would get locked in the telephone box. He never wins. So he is a drongo. The origin of the term was revived at Flemington in when a Drongo Handicap was held. Only apprentice jockeys were allowed to ride. The horses entered were not allowed to have won a race in the previous twelve months. Goode Through the Farm Gate: I can't believe my drongo of a father is asking such ridiculous questions. The term is often associated with the fooling of gullible international tourists, and has accordingly been used this way in television advertisements.

There are suggestions that the term drop bear emerged in the Second World War period see quotation below but the first record is from the s. Keesing Lily on a Dustbin: The 'drop bears' are creatures of a tall story - they were invented during World War II for the benefit of gullible American servicemen.

It is alleged that 'drop bears' are a dangerous kind of koala and that they drop out of trees on the heads and shoulders of bush walkers and hug them to death. Colbert The Ranch: The other Harry has got a head like a drover's dog and always wears a hat. Courtenay: We'd heard Nancy say he'd come back like a drover's dog all prick and ribs. A warning cry from a male as a signal to other men that a woman is approaching a traditionally all-male environment.

It is a reminder that the men should modify their language and behaviour to avoid giving offence. It was first used in shearing sheds, but is now heard in other places, especially in a pub. While the first written evidence comes from the early s the phrase probably goes back several decades earlier.

Fatty Vautin and Peter Sterling reportedly held angry meetings with their producer declaring they would not speak to Wilson if she was hired. The dunny was originally any outside toilet. In cities and towns the pan-type dunny was emptied by the dunny man, who came round regularly with his dunny cart. Dunny can now be used for any toilet. First recorded in the s but dunnekin is attested in Australian sources from the s. E earbash To subject a person to a torrent of words; to talk at great length to; to harangue.

While not a physical beating of the ears, most people can sympathise with a person who has sustained a long taking to an ear-bashing by a boring or obnoxious windbag an earbasher. The verb is first recorded from the s, and possibly comes from Australian military slang of the Second World War period. Most Australians are surprised to discover that this is an Australian term. First recorded from the s. The ALP contains many influential spokesmen who advocate disengagement of governments from existing agricultural assistance measures..

This term developed out of an earlier verbal form recorded in the s , emu-bob, meaning 'to pick up pieces of timber, roots, etc. By the s the verb had developed a more specific sense: 'to pick up litter'. By the s the verbal form had developed into the noun. The term is used with allusion to an emu bending its neck toward the ground in search of food.

A common sight at barbecues, beaches, parks, and camping grounds in the summer months. Esky is from a proprietary name of a portable insulated container, earlier an ice chest, and also earlier called Eskimo. The Esky Auto Box keeps drinks and food cold and fresh wherever you go. Will fit in the boot of any car. Winton Dirt Music: They have a folding table and esky out here on the sand beside the fire.

F factory A prison for the confinement of female convicts. Also known as a female factory. The first such factory was established in at Parramatta in New South Wales. It was a place of punishment, a labour and marriage agency for the colony, and a profit-making textiles factory where women made convict clothing and blankets. There were eight other factories in the Australian convict settlements. Australia often sees itself as an egalitarian society, the land of the fair go, where all citizens have a right to fair treatment.

It is often used as an exclamation: fair go Kev, give the kids a turn! Sometimes it expresses disbelief: fair go—the tooth fairy? For further discussion of this term see the article 'Australia - the land of the fair go' on our blog. Both men turned pale, but struggled, calling out, 'Read the warrants to us first'. Inspector Ahern said, 'You can hear them later', and the police seized the prisoners. Both appealed to Mr. Ranking, crying out, 'Do you call this a fair go, Mr.

Dubosarsky Fairy Bread: The morning of the party, Becky and her mother were in the kitchen making fairy bread. Her baby brother sat on the floor eating the bits that fell off the table. In Australian opposition leader Kevin Rudd famously used a variant of the phrase: 'fair shake of the sauce bottle'.

Fair suck of the sauce bottle is first recorded in the s. For a further discussion of the origin of the phrase see the article 'Folk Etymology in Australian English' in our Ozwords newsletter. But in Australia the adjective has another meaning ' especially of a person wild, uncontrolled; unconventional; outside the conventional bounds of society; dirty, scruffy.

Feral is also used as a noun to mean 'a person living outside the conventional bounds of society; a wild or uncontrolled person. The Australian senses of the adjective and noun are first recorded in the s. The women clashed with media crews and politicians in a series of well-documented incidents They were quite happy with the 'feral' tag.

They have invaded people's homes and maliciously destroyed victims' property. Firie follows a common pattern in Australian informal English whereby a word is abbreviated in this case firefighter or fireman and the -ie or -y suffix is added. Other examples include barbie a barbecue , Chrissy Christmas , and rellie a relative.

Firie is recorded from the s. This phrase is usually used of a man, and implies that although he may be well-dressed and well-groomed, there is also something a bit dodgy about him. In spite of a superficial smartness, he is not to be trusted. In spite of the gold tooth, he is still a rat. Eddie is as flash as a rat with a gold tooth. McNab Dodger: What brought him unstuck were his brazen schemes and lavish lifestyle.

He was as flash as a rat with a gold tooth. The literal sense is to lie fully stretched out like a lizard , and the figurative sense means as fast as possible. The phrase also alludes to the rapid tongue-movement of a drinking lizard. Cornish miners probably brought the term to Australia in the s and used it to describe their search for gold. Australia inherited a number of mining terms from the Cornish, but they remain very specialised, and fossick is the only one to move out into the wider speech community.

Heidke Claudia's Big Break: 'Okay, we get the picture', said Sophie as she fossicked around in her enormous bag in search of boarding passes. Like Fremantle, many towns have given it a local name. Albany, Geraldton, Esperance, Eucla and Perth all have their doctor. The term derives from the figurative application of doctor in the West Indies to 'a cool sea breeze which usually prevails during part of the day in summer', and in South Africa to 'a strong, blustery south-east wind prevailing at the Cape', from doctor 'any agent that gives or preserves health'.

Fremantle doctor is recorded from the s. At Perth, with the Fremantle Doctor up his arse, he was seriously quick. Furphy comes from the name of a firm, J. The term probably originated at the Broadmeadows army camp in Melbourne as a transfer from the name of the carts to the typical gossip of soldiers at sites serviced by these carts during the period of the First World War. Furphy is first recorded in Some of the troops do not suffer from lack of imagination.

In early records it is variously spelt as galar, gillar, gulah, etc. The bird referred to is the grey-backed, pink-breasted cockatoo Eolophus roseicapillus, occurring in all parts of Australia except the extreme north-east and south-west. It is also known as the red-breasted cockatoo and rose-breasted cockatoo. Some early settlers used the galah as food. In the Truth newspaper reports: 'The sunburnt residents of at that God-forsaken outpost of civilisation were subsisting on stewed galah and curried crow'.

Some writers report that galah pie was a popular outback dish. The galah, which usually appears in a large flock, has a raucous call, and it was perhaps this trait which produced the term galah session for a period allocated for private conversation, especially between women on isolated stations, over an outback radio network.

Flynn in Northern Gateway writes: 'The women's radio hour, held regularly night and morning and referred to everywhere as the 'Galah Session'. It is a special time set aside for lonely station women to chat on whatever subject they like'. More generally, a galah session is 'a long chat' - A. Garve, Boomerang : 'For hours the three men chatted It was Dawes who said at last, "I reckon this galah session's gone on long enough".

This figurative sense is recorded from the s, and derives from the perceived stupidity of the bird. The following quotations give an indication of how the term is used: E. Lambert Twenty Thousand Thieves: 'Yair, and I got better ideas than some of the galahs that give us our orders'. Porteous Cattleman: 'The bloke on the other end of the line is only some useless galah tryin' to sell a new brand of dip'.

O'Grady Aussie Etiket: 'You would be the greatest bloody galah this side of the rabbit-proof fence'. From this sense arise a number of colloquial idioms. To be mad as a gumtree full of galahs is to be completely crazy. To make a proper galah of oneself is to make a complete fool of oneself. A pack of galahs is a group of contemptibly idiotic people.

While the word is recorded from the s, it came to international prominence in the s through a series of tourism advertisements where Australian actor and comedian Paul Hogan invited people from around the world to visit Australia and say g'day. Harms Memoirs of a Mug Punter: I made it to the table where the prime minister was wielding his pen. He looked up. He didn't recognise me. The sense comes from the United States, where it originally referred to an assistant at a sideshow whose purpose was to appear an object of disgust or derision.

The American word appears to be a variant of geck, a Scottish word from Dutch meaning 'a gesture of derision; an expression of scorn or contempt'. Storage: Where will you keep the filtration equipment, pool cleaner, toys and sun umbrellas? The first question to consider when determining your pool's construction is whether the pool should be in the ground or above it.

Soil excavation and removal is costly but in-ground pools generally have a more permanent feel than most above-ground types. If you have a steep site it may be cheaper, faster and easier, however, to install an above-ground pool made from fibreglass with a surrounding deck, especially if access is tricky. Talk to local pool contractors, ideally those recommended by people you trust. The cheapest swimming pool option is a prefabricated, above-ground type, usually made from fibreglass or steel with a vinyl liner.

DIY models that can easily be disassembled are great if you are renting and want to take the pool with you when you move. Options range from basic models with no filtration to larger types suitable for swimming laps that include extras such as decking, steps and filtration equipment. Most have a limited lifespan. The pool in this William Dangar designed garden connects visually with the harbour beyond. Photo: Prue Ruscoe 6.

There are also many other additional pool-installation expenses that need to be factored in, including covers, decking, landscaping and heating systems in some areas of Australia. Then there are the ongoing costs of filtration running and servicing pumps and filters and keeping the water clean chemicals, saltwater chlorinators, self-cleaning units and suction cleaners.

The largest maintenance cost for swimming pools is the lining. Some concrete pools may need to be acid-washed every three to five years and replastered or resurfaced every years. Vinyl-lined pools can puncture, so you should allow for repairs every five to 10 years. Fibreglass composite pools are low maintenance and some come with a or year structural warranty.

Mineral water pools are more gentle on the skin than salt or chlorine water pools as they use magnesium- based sanitisers and are growing in popularity. Swim jets, plunge pools and long, thin lap pools that run down otherwise disused side passageways are very much in demand, according to Peter Baily.

Ensure there's enough space to lounge poolside. Concrete and fibreglass are the most popular materials. A steel-reinforced in-ground concrete pool has traditionally been viewed as the strongest, most durable pool option but advances in fibreglass composite technology have increased this material's longevity and strength.

Although the use of sprayed concrete techniques rather than boxed poured concrete has sped up the process, the installation of a concrete pool can take about three months, much lengthier than fibreglass as little as three days. Bad weather can hamper construction and the porous nature of concrete can lead to algae and mould issues if the surface is not properly finished.

Concrete offers flexibility in terms of shape, size and depth, if you want a customised design. You can also get an infinity edge or a "beach" gently shelving entry to the pool. There are lots of options for finishing a concrete pool's interior, too, including marble plaster, tiles, pebbles, coloured quartz, swimming pool paint or vinyl.

Infinity edge pools can be achieved with both concrete pools and fibreglass pools that sit above ground. Plus you'll have far less issues with chemical imbalances and calcium build-up if you opt for fibreglass. An Australian Standard applies to pool fences throughout the country, but each state and territory government has its own laws and permits to ensure every pool fence complies with the standard.

To make sure you meet your full legal responsibilities, please contact your local council or your state's consumer affairs department. Ask for referrals from friends and colleagues who own pools. If you're coming up short on personal recommendations, SPASA is the peak body representing hundreds of professionals and businesses across Australia's pool and spa industry. It's always a good idea to ask around for a trustworthy pool builder, says Spiros.

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